Linkages between development and extremism

Nexus Between Development and Extremism

The intersection of development and extremism is a nuanced subject that demands a comprehensive examination.

Extremism, characterized by individuals or groups harboring uncompromising views and a reluctance to consider alternative perspectives, often manifests in violent actions to achieve ideological objectives. This phenomenon can take various forms, such as left-wing extremism, religious fundamentalism, nazism, communalism, terrorism and insurgency.

In parallel, development is a dynamic and multifaceted concept that, in a general sense, denotes enhancements in societal living conditions, encompassing economic, social, and political dimensions.

Extremism:

Extremism is typified by individuals or groups adopting radical ideologies and resorting to violence to accomplish their goals. This manifests in diverse forms, posing challenges ranging from left-wing extremism to religious fundamentalism, necessitating a nuanced approach to its study.

Development:

Development, as a dynamic concept, is interpreted diversely by individuals. While commonly perceived positively as an overarching improvement in societal living conditions, it is essential to acknowledge that the economic development process can yield unintended and adverse consequences.

• Even though development as a term is perceived in a positive manner but the flawed process of economic development may have unwarranted consequences as well.
• For example, if development is not inclusive in nature it may have disastrous effects on the marginalized sections of the society.

How extremism leads to underdevelopment?

1. Infrastructure Destruction

Extremists engage in the deliberate destruction of critical physical infrastructure, such as schools, hospitals, and roads. A notable example is the targeted actions of groups like the Naxals, significantly impeding the development of affected regions.

2. Demographic and Social Capital Erosion

The actions of extremists lead to the erosion of demographic dividend and social capital within affected areas. This contributes to a diminished human resource base and undermines the social fabric crucial for sustainable development.

3. Impact on Trade, Commerce, and Investment

Extremism adversely affects trade and commerce, creating an inhospitable environment for investment. This results in economic stagnation, hindering the overall development prospects of the regions in question.

4. Threat to Development Stakeholders

The presence of extremism poses a tangible threat to various stakeholders responsible for fostering development in underdeveloped areas. Entities such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Civil Servants, and political classes may be reluctant to engage in development efforts due to security concerns and operational risks.

5. Increased Defense Expenditure

Extremist activities often compel governments to allocate increased resources to the defense sector. This reallocation has a cascading effect, diverting funds away from social sector expenditures critical for education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.

6. Vicious Cycle of Violence

The state's response to extremism frequently involves the use of force, leading to collateral damage and the establishment of a destructive cycle of violence. This perpetuates an environment of instability, further impeding any prospects for sustainable development.

How underdevelopment leads to extremism?

1. Displacement and Dissatisfaction

Displacement of indigenous communities, like the Adivasis, due to developmental projects has fueled discontent and disenchantment with the Indian state. This sense of marginalization has driven some toward extremist ideologies as a means of expressing dissent.

2. Denial of Social Justice

Extremism finds fertile ground in areas where certain sections of society are denied social justice. Instances of systemic injustice contribute to the emergence of extremist sentiments among affected populations.

3. Negation of Cultural Identities

The denial of recognition for cultural, linguistic, and ethnic identities alienates communities, fostering feelings of marginalization and exclusion. This lack of acknowledgment and respect can lead to a susceptibility to extremist ideologies.

4. Youth Unemployment and Engagement

High levels of unemployment among youth, coupled with a lack of constructive engagement opportunities, create vulnerabilities that extremist movements exploit. The allure of such movements increases as disillusioned youth seek purpose and identity.

5. Diverse Perspectives on Solutions

Scholars offer contrasting views on breaking the cycle between underdevelopment and extremism. Some advocate for tackling extremists through force, believing that subsequent development will naturally follow. Conversely, another faction of experts insists that addressing the root causes of underdevelopment is pivotal. They argue that fostering development will inherently establish peace, disrupting the breeding ground for extremism.

6. Government Strategy

The government of India adopts a nuanced approach by recognizing the need for a dual-focused strategy. Addressing developmental concerns and simultaneously confronting extremist challenges in these regions is the cornerstone of this approach.

What all are the factors behind the origin of Maoism and Naxalism in India?

1. Socio-Economic Exploitation in Naxalbari

The roots of Naxalism can be traced back to Naxalbari, where impoverished peasants and tribals faced severe exploitation from wealthy landlords, money lenders, and government authorities. The economic hardships endured by these communities laid the foundation for discontent.

2. Channelization of Discontent by Communist Revolutionaries

The discontent prevalent in Naxalbari became a focal point for communist revolutionaries led by Charu Majumdar. These leaders channeled the dissatisfaction of the poor peasants and tribals against what they perceived as class enemies – the affluent landlords, money lenders, and the machinery of the government.

3. Violent Uprising in Naxalbari (Summer of 1967)

In the summer of 1967, this discontent culminated in a violent movement in Naxalbari. The movement took a radical turn, resulting in the targeted killing of several landlords and money lenders. This marked the inception of a violent left-wing extremist movement in India, with Naxalism emerging as a formidable force.

4. Cycle of Violence and Retaliation

The initiation of the Naxalbari movement set off a cycle of violence, characterized by retaliation from the state and counter-retaliation by radical elements espousing communist ideologies. The conflict quickly escalated, leading to a protracted period of upheaval and unrest.

5. Spread of Left-Wing Extremism Across the Nation

Despite the state bringing the situation in Naxalbari under control within a few weeks, the impact reverberated across the country. The Naxalbari incident served as a catalyst, sparking the imagination of various groups in different parts of India. This led to the proliferation of left-wing extremist movements, contributing to the broader phenomenon of Naxalism/LWE/Maoism in the country.

The Philosophy of Maoists/Naxalites 

1. Overthrow of Democratic State

Naxalites adhere to the belief in overthrowing the democratic state established in India, advocating for the establishment of a communist regime modeled after Mao's China. This ideological foundation forms the basis of their dissent.

2. Extreme Use of Violence

The philosophy embraced by Naxalites involves the endorsement of extreme violence as a means of achieving their revolutionary objectives. This commitment to violence is inspired by the principle of revolution through the use of force, particularly emphasizing armed resistance.

3. Human Toll According to Ministry of Home Affairs

According to reports from the Ministry of Home Affairs, Naxalism has exacted a heavy toll on human lives, claiming the lives of over 30,000 individuals in the last two decades. This grim statistic includes a substantial number of security personnel and civilians who have become victims of the ongoing conflict.

4. Geographical Expansion

What originated as a movement in a single district has gradually expanded its influence to encompass more than 180 districts by the year 2009. This widespread reach highlights the extensive geographic impact of the Naxalite movement.

5. The Red Corridor

The areas affected by Naxal violence are commonly referred to as the "red corridor." This term underscores the geographic stretch of regions grappling with the challenges posed by the Naxalite insurgency.

6. Extent of the Red Corridor

The former Rural Development Minister highlighted that the red corridor extends from Tirupati to Pashupati in Nepal, emphasizing the cross-border implications and geographic expanse of the Naxalite movement.

7. Evolution Beyond Agrarian Issues

While the initial phases of the Naxalite movement were rooted in agrarian and class issues, it underwent a transformation, drawing inspiration from a multitude of conflicts within Indian society. This evolution broadened the movement's scope, encompassing diverse socio-political dynamics.

Extent of Naxalism in India

Initially concentrated in West Bengal, the Naxalite movement gradually extended its influence into less developed regions of rural, central, and eastern India. This expansion encompassed areas such as Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, parts of Maharashtra, and Telangana. Naxalism predominantly thrives in the tribal and rural hinterlands of India, characterized by remoteness and underdevelopment. Despite its stronghold in these areas, deliberate efforts have been made to extend the influence of Naxalism into urban centers. While historically rooted in tribal and rural landscapes, attempts have been observed to broaden the impact of Naxalism into urban areas. This strategic shift signifies the dynamic nature of the movement and its adaptability to diverse socio-economic contexts.

According to the latest report, the geographical reach of Naxalism has undergone changes. The number of districts most affected by Naxalite activities has reduced to 25, and the total affected districts stand at 70. This marks a significant decrease from the peak in 2009 when Naxalites were active in 180 districts across ten states in India.

Causes for the rise of Naxalism in India

Economic Factors

1. Impact of Widespread Poverty and Economic Inequality

Naxalism finds fertile ground in regions marked by widespread poverty and economic inequality. Notably, the Aspirational District Programme of Niti Ayog, focused on developing the most backward districts in India, encompasses 90% of the districts affected by Naxalism.

2. Mineral-Rich Areas and Displacement

Economic factors are exacerbated in mineral-rich areas, attracting numerous mining companies. The resultant displacement of local populations, coupled with a lack of effective resettlement and rehabilitation, fosters antagonism and a negative attitude towards the Indian state.

3. Large-Scale Industrial Projects and Tribal Displacement

The establishment of large-scale industries and developmental projects in Naxal-affected regions has led to significant tribal displacement. Grievances arise when these communities perceive that the benefits of such projects have not been equitably distributed, contributing to a sense of injustice and discontent.

4. Forces of Globalization and Discontent

The forces of globalization expose these regions to development elsewhere, intensifying feelings of discontent among local populations. The perception of being left behind in the wake of global progress fuels resentment.

5. Lack of Basic Amenities

Naxal-affected areas suffer from a lack of basic amenities, exemplified by conditions in Dantewada, where only 26% of the population has access to tap water. Deficiencies in health and educational facilities further underscore the stark disparities compared to other parts of the country.

Political Factors

1. Political Marginalization of Tribal Communities

Naxalism has roots in the political marginalization of tribal communities, as they have not been afforded adequate participation in the governance of their respective areas. This exclusionary political landscape has fueled discontent among these communities.

2. Incomplete Implementation of Schedule-V Provisions

The incomplete and inadequate implementation of provisions outlined in Schedule-V has exacerbated the alienation of tribal populations from the Indian states. The failure to uphold these protective measures has contributed to a sense of neglect and disenfranchisement.

3. Neglect of Tribal Interests in Favor of Powerful Entities

Political decisions favoring industrialists and influential individuals have often come at the expense of tribal interests. The neglect of the voices and concerns of these communities has further deepened the socio-political divide.

4. Political Bickering and Project Delays

Political discord between ruling and opposition parties in certain states has been a contributing factor to the delayed implementation of crucial development projects. This protracted political bickering has hindered progress and exacerbated the socio-economic challenges faced by Naxal-affected regions.

Environmental Factors

1. Degradation of Natural Resources

A pivotal environmental factor contributing to the rise of Naxalism is the dependence of tribal communities on natural resources such as rivers, wetlands, and forests for their sustenance. Unfortunately, these vital resources have undergone degradation and destruction, primarily due to extensive mining and industrial activities.

2. Impact on Tribal Livelihoods

The consequences of environmental degradation have disproportionately affected tribal communities, pushing them to a marginalized position within the socio-economic landscape. The depletion of natural resources essential for their survival has led to profound challenges, exacerbating the vulnerabilities of these communities.

3. Mining and Industrial Activities

The expansion of mining and industrial operations has played a central role in the deterioration of natural resources critical to tribal livelihoods. The collateral damage resulting from these activities has had far-reaching implications, heightening the socio-economic disparities experienced by tribal populations.

Social Factors

1. Exploitation and Discrimination Against Tribals

A critical social factor contributing to the rise of Naxalism is the historical exploitation and discrimination faced by tribal communities at the hands of the affluent land-owning class. This longstanding injustice has sown the seeds of discontent among tribal populations.

2. Perception of State Bias

Tribals often perceive state agencies as exhibiting bias in favor of the wealthy and powerful. This perception intensifies feelings of marginalization and fuels a sense of disenchantment with the prevailing socio-political structure.

3. Caste Conflicts in States Like Bihar

In states such as Bihar, caste conflicts between backward castes and traditionally dominant castes have given rise to local militias. These conflicts contribute to heightened tensions, resulting in instances of violence and unrest within these regions.

Administrative Factors

1. Government Outreach Failures

An inherent administrative factor in the rise of Naxalism is the government's failure to effectively reach out to these regions, resulting in a void where formal government machinery is absent. Naxalites have capitalized on this vacuum, establishing parallel institutions such as healthcare centers and courts.

2. Delayed Design and Implementation of Schemes

Administrative inefficiencies are evident in the delayed design and protracted implementation of popular schemes. The prolonged timelines hinder the timely delivery of benefits, contributing to frustration and disillusionment, particularly among the socio-economically disadvantaged.

3. Socio-Economic Disparities in Scheme Benefits

Implemented schemes often fall short in reaching those who need them the most, as benefits tend to favor the socio-economically advanced. This disparity in resource distribution exacerbates existing grievances and perpetuates socio-economic inequalities.

4. Naxalite Propaganda Impact

The propaganda machinery of Naxalites has effectively persuaded local populations that the state has failed to provide for them. Consequently, Naxalites are presented as the sole recourse, creating a narrative of hopelessness and dependency.

5. Inefficient Officer Deployments

Historically, postings to these areas were considered punitive, resulting in the deployment of inefficient and incapable officers. This detrimental practice has significantly impaired the functioning of the government machinery, exacerbating the challenges faced by these regions.

Vested Interests and External Factors

1. Unholy Nexus Among Key Stakeholders

A significant catalyst for the rise of Naxalism lies in the unholy nexus forged among corrupt politicians, bureaucrats, mining mafias, and Naxalites. This collaboration aims to perpetuate or promote Naxalism for private gains, underscoring the depth of vested interests.

2. External Support from China

External factors, notably support from China, have played a crucial role in the growth of Naxalism. Following the Naxalbari movement, China characterized it as "spring thunder" and expressed optimism for its further expansion across India. This overt and covert support has added an international dimension to the Naxalite insurgency.

3. Training and Support in Nepal

In 2009, the Ministry of Home Affairs reported that more than 40 Maoists in India received training and support in Nepal. This cross-border collaboration has contributed to the sustenance and expansion of Naxalite activities, emphasizing the external influences at play.

Approach or strategy of Indian states to tackle Naxalism

Political Empowerment

1. Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA)

Enacted by the government, PESA aims to strengthen local democracy in Scheduled Areas, empowering communities to manage their affairs more autonomously.

2. Forest Rights Act, 2006

Another pivotal legislative measure, the Forest Rights Act, reinforces the rights of forest-dwelling communities, addressing historical injustices and contributing to the empowerment of marginalized populations.

Economic Development

1. District Minerals Development Fund

Creation of the District Minerals Development Fund, allocating a portion of these funds to the developmental efforts aimed at benefiting tribals and local communities.

2. Special Infrastructure Scheme

Introduction of a dedicated scheme for Special Infrastructure to enhance development in Naxal-affected regions.

3. Integrated Action Plan (IAP)

Implementation of the Integrated Action Plan (IAP), a collaborative effort involving the Superintendent of Police (SP), District Collector (DC), and District Forest Officer (DFO) to address developmental gaps.

4. Heavy Spending on Infrastructure

Substantial investments in critical infrastructures such as schools, panchayat buildings, and health facilities. Establishment of Eklavya Residential Schools to deliver quality education to tribal students.

5. Youth Skills Development Initiatives

Implementation of youth skills development initiatives by state governments, exemplified by Chhattisgarh's "Choo Lo Asmaan Scheme."

6. Aspirational District Programme (Niti Ayog)

Implementation of the Aspirational District Programme by Niti Ayog, appointing a Prabhari officer responsible for overseeing health, education, infrastructure, and more. Monitoring progress through a dashboard on various parameters.

7. Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policies (2007)

Introduction of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policies of 2007, ensuring land provisions in exchange for affected land, job opportunities, vocational training, and housing for those impacted by development projects.

8. PM Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Implementation of PM Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) to provide connectivity to tribal areas through the development of road infrastructure.

9. Media Action Plan

Initiation of a Media Action Plan involving activities like Nukkad Natak and Folk Performances to communicate government initiatives to the public.

10. Civic Action Programme (CAP)

Successful implementation of the Civic Action Programme (CAP) as an effective scheme to bridge the gap between Security Forces and the local populace. It plays a crucial role in winning the hearts and minds of the population.

Law and Order Strategies

1. Modernization of Police Force

Implementation of schemes for the Modernization of Police Force, an umbrella initiative by the central government providing financial assistance to states for upgrading and modernizing their police capacities.

2. Security-Related Expenditure Scheme

Execution of the Security-Related Expenditure Scheme, wherein the central government reimburses state governments for expenses related to security activities.

3. Special Anti-Naxal Forces

Establishment of Special Anti-Naxal Forces, exemplified by units such as the Greyhound in Andhra Pradesh, the Cobra Battalion of CRPF, and the Black Panthers in Chattisgarh.

4. Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

Recent deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to effectively address Naxal activities and conduct surveillance in these vulnerable areas.

5. Joint Command Centre for CRPF Personnel

Setting up of the Joint Command Centre specifically for CRPF personnel deployed in Naxal-affected states, enhancing coordination and operational efficiency.

6. Chief Minister's Conference

Organization of Chief Minister's conferences involving states affected by Naxalism, alongside the Union Home Minister, to collectively formulate a unified strategy to tackle the Naxal issue.

7. Establishment of Multi-Agencies Centre

Implementation of Multi-Agencies Centres at both the central and state levels, dedicated to collecting actionable intelligence for effective counter-Naxal operations.

8. SAMADHAN Doctrine

Adoption of the SAMADHAN doctrine, which encompasses a comprehensive strategy ranging from short-term policies to long-term formulations at different administrative levels.