1. Islamic invasions in India

Invasion of Muhammad-bin-Kasim:

Muhammad-bin-Kasim, a member of the Ummaid dynasty in Saudi Arabia, faced repeated looting of his ships at the port of Deval in Sindh, ruled by the Hindu leader Dahir. To put an end to the plundering, Kasim invaded Sindh, killing Dahir and capturing the port. Although Kasim's rule in Sindh was short-lived, his arrival marked the beginning of Islam's spread in the Indian subcontinent.

Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni:

Towards the end of the 10th century AD, West Asia, under the Samanid Dynasty, faced constant attacks from Central Asians. Mahmud of Ghazni emerged as a pivotal figure in safeguarding the territory and Islam. Supported by his court poet Firdausi, who wrote Shahnama, Mahmud's endeavors led to the widespread acceptance of Islam among Central Asians. Mahmud funded his activities by invading the wealthy temples of India, launching seventeen attacks, with his final assault on the temple of Somnath in 1025 AD. While revered as a cultural regenerator in West Asia, Mahmud was seen as a barbaric plunderer in Indian history.

Invasion of Muhammad Ghuri (1170 onwards):

By the late 11th century AD, the Seljuks ruled West Asia, and internal strife erupted between the Khwarizmi and Ghurid branches over Syria. Following the defeat of the Ghurid branch, Muhammad Ghuri decided to invade India. Although unsuccessful in Gujarat, he annexed Multan and Uchchh.

The conflict over Tabar-Hind involved a battle with the Indian Rajput ruler Prithviraj Chauhan, who ruled North and West India along with other Rajput dynasties. 

At this point of time, North and West India was ruled by the following Rajput dynasties:–

• Chahamans (Chauhans): Ajmer (Ajmayeru was the original name, meaning – which cannot be defeated)
• Chandelas: Rulers of Bundelkhand
• Chalukya-Solanki of Gujarat
• Paramars: Mount Abu area
• Tomars of Delhi
• Gehdaula of Kannauj

The First Battle of Tarain in 1191 AD saw Prithviraj Chauhan defeating Muhammad Ghuri. However, in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 AD, Prithviraj was thoroughly defeated, leading to the establishment of informal Turkish rule in the region. The subsequent events, including the Battle of Chandawar in 1194 AD and the assassination of Muhammad Ghuri in 1206 AD, set the stage for the formation of the Delhi Sultanate by Qutub-uddin-Aibak.